Breaking the Unbroken Chain of Transmission: Candida auris in 2020-2021

Author: Marc-Oliver Wright, MT(ASCP), MS, CIC, FAPIC

Categories: General Infection Prevention & Surface Disinfection September 8, 2021

As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has rolled on through 2021, an opportunistic and deadly fungal infection has been creeping into healthcare and subacute facilities with increasing frequency and resistance.

In 2009 in Japan, Candida auris was first identified; though its exact origins are uncertain, as standard microbiology laboratory methods may lead to misidentification of the organism.  A retrospective study identified strains of the organism as early as 1996 (1). Attributable mortality estimates vary widely, ranging from 22% to 57% in the United States, though a recent analysis suggested a 30-day mortality incidence as low as 17% (2). Between June 1, 2020, and May 31, 2021, 1,012 clinical cases in 20 U.S. states were reported, with four states (California, Florida, Illinois, and New York) reporting more than 100 cases (3). The organism is notifiable nationally since 2018 (4).

The increasing number of reported cases is not the only concern. In a July 2021, report in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), the authors described two distinct clusters in Texas’s acute and long-term care facilities and a long-term care facility in Washington D.C. All isolates described in this report were resistant to multiple antifungal drugs. Five cases between the two localities were pan-resistant or resistant to all known therapeutic antifungal agents available. The overlapping healthcare exposures in these independent clusters in each locale suggest transmission. (5) Resistance traditionally increases the likelihood of treatment failure and death. In these clusters, the 30-day mortality frequency among patients was 30%.

The inflammatory response and necessary medical interventions to infection with SARS-CoV-2 are thought to predispose COVID-19 infected patients to fungal infections, perhaps especially C. auris (6). This coincides with increased reports of outbreaks and public health reports at the state and regional levels. Thankfully, increased antifungal resistance has not had any reported correlations with increased tolerance to disinfectants.  There is little evidence that commonly used disinfectants, even with other Candida species claims, may be less effective against C. auris (7).

Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated their recommendations for healthcare professionals with regard to surveillance and infection prevention activities to prevent transmission of C. auris. Concerning surveillance, the CDC recommends screening 1) close healthcare contacts of patients with newly identified infection or colonization 2) patients with overnight healthcare stays outside the United States in the past year-especially in countries with high incidence (though now it has become so widespread that this recommendation is less nuanced) and 3) point prevalence screening in areas of high incidence or suggested transmission (8). Screening sites include the groin and bilateral axilla.

With regard to infection prevention, the CDC has updated its recommendations periodically as recently as July 2021 (9). For environmental surface disinfection, the CDC recommends the use of products on the Environmental Protection Agency’s List P: Antimicrobial Products Registered with EPA for Claims Against Candida Auris. (11). The previous recommendation was to use disinfectants with sporicidal activity on List K: EPA’s Registered Antimicrobial Products Effective Against Clostridium difficile Spores (9, 10). If List P products are not available, List K products may be used. Currently, Sani-Cloth® Prime spray and wipes (EPA registration numbers 9480-10 and 9480-12), Sani-Cloth® HyPerCide spray and wipes (9480-14 and 9480-16) are on List P.  Sani-Cloth® Super wipes (9480-4) has received EPA approval for its claim against Candida auris.  It will be included on List P, though the list is pending an update as of August 30, 2021 (12).

While Candida auris is a relatively new epidemiologically significant HAI pathogen and there are some unique aspects of this organism, the risk of transmission and therefore fundamentals for prevention remain the same. Environmental contamination with this organism increases the risk of infection. With the pandemic showing limited signs of relenting, the increased risk to patients for infection with C. auris means now is the time to double down on efforts to prevent intra-facility transmission.

  1. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/candida-auris-qanda.html
  2. Arensman K, Miller JL, Chiang A, Mai N, Levato J, LaChance E, et al. Clinical Outcomes of Patients Treated for Candida auris Infections in a Multisite Health System, Illinois, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(5):876-880. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.191588
  3. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/tracking-c-auris.html
  4. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cste.org/resource/resmgr/ps/2018ps/18-ID-05_Dec2018_Update.pdf
  5. Lyman M, Forsberg K, Reuben J, et al. Notes from the Field: Transmission of Pan-Resistant and Echinocandin-Resistant Candida auris in Health Care Facilities ― Texas and the District of Columbia, January–April 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1022–1023. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7029a2
  6. Bhatt K, Agolli A, Patel MH, et al. High mortality co-infections of COVID-19 patients: mucormycosis and other fungal infections. Discoveries (Craiova). 2021;9(1):e126. Published 2021 Mar 31. doi:10.15190/d.2021.5
  7. Rutala WA, Kanamori H, Gergen MF, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ. Susceptibility of Candida auris and Candida albicans to 21 germicides used in healthcare facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2019 Mar;40(3):380-382. doi: 10.1017/ice.2019.1. Epub 2019 Feb 15. PMID: 30767810.
  8. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/c-auris-screening.html
  9. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/candida-auris/c-auris-infection-control.html
  10. https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-k-epas-registered-antimicrobial-products-effective-against-clostridium
  11. https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration/list-p-antimicrobial-products-registered-epa-claims-against-candida-auris
  12. https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/ppls/009480-00004-20210804.pdf
  13. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 12;ciab327. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab327.

Author

Marc-Oliver Wright MT(ASCP), MS, CIC, FAPIC
Marc-Oliver Wright, PDI Clinical Science Liaison Clinical Science Liaison, PDI

Profile

Marc wanted to be an epidemiologist as a teenager and was first introduced to infection prevention when he performed DNA fingerprinting of multidrug resistant organisms for research activities, surveillance and outbreak investigations while in graduate school. He became an infection preventionist, a research epidemiologist and ultimately a corporate director of infection prevention and quality for a multi-hospital system. Marc served APIC at the local and national level, has published over 50 articles and served on the editorial board of the American Journal of Infection Control for a decade.

Marc now serves as PDI’s Clinical Science Liaison (CSL), for the Central Region-14 states across the Midwest.

Contact

Phone: 608-886-4325

Company Website:Pdihc.com

Email: Marc-oliver.wright@pdihc.com

Hobbies

Cooking
Collecting vinyl albums

Education

University of Illinois – Chicago
Master of Science: Public Health Sciences: Epidemiology
Bachelor of Science: Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Certification
American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)- MT (ASCP)
Certification Board of Infection Control (CBIC)- CIC

Fellowship
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc-FAPIC

Why I love what I do

I believe that infection prevention is 5% knowing what to do and 95% figuring out how to get it done. The role of the CSL at PDI is a combination of knowing the science, teaching it to others and helping them through the implementation process. There is something truly rewarding in helping multiple healthcare organizations achieve their goals of safer, better patient care.

Areas of Expertise

Informatics
Human factors
Surveillance methodology
Multi-drug resistant organisms
Healthcare systems
Leadership

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